Which document provides a summary of claims affecting a property?

The document that provides a summary of claims affecting a property is the abstract of title. An abstract of title is a comprehensive summary of the historical ownership of a property, detailing all recorded instruments that affect the title, such as deeds, mortgages, liens, and any other encumbrances. It serves as a key reference in determining the legal ownership and any potential issues related to the property that might impact its marketability.

In contrast, a title insurance policy is designed to protect against losses from defects that may not be revealed in the abstract of title. A deed of trust is a security instrument used in real estate transactions that involves three parties, and a settlement statement itemizes the financial aspects of a real estate transaction but does not summarize claims affecting a property. The abstract of title is specifically focused on the legal claims and issues surrounding the property itself, making it the correct choice for this question.